The fundamental document that governs the Constitution of India is the Constitution of India itself. The Constitution of India is a comprehensive legal document that serves as the supreme law of the country. It was adopted on January 26, 1950, and it came into effect on the same day, marking the establishment of the Republic of India. Here are some key details about the Constitution of India: Preamble: The Constitution begins with a preamble that outlines the ideals and objectives of the Indian state, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Length: The Constitution of India is one of the lengthiest written constitutions in the world, consisting of a preamble and 470 articles, organized into 25 parts. Source of Authority: The Constitution derives its authority from the people of India, as it was adopted by a Constituent Assembly elected by the people. Framing Process: The Constitution was drafted by a Constituent Assembly, chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. It took nearly three years to complete, with the assembly holding detailed discussions and debates on various aspects of governance and fundamental rights. Federal Structure: The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system of government where powers are divided between the central government (Union) and state governments. However, it leans more towards a quasi-federal structure with a strong center. Fundamental Rights: Part III of the Constitution contains a comprehensive list of fundamental rights that are guaranteed to all citizens of India, including the right to equality, freedom of speech, and protection from discrimination. Directive Principles: Part IV of the Constitution outlines the Directive Principles of State Policy, which provide guidelines for the government to work towards achieving social and economic justice. Fundamental Duties: The Constitution introduced fundamental duties of citizens in 1976 through the 42nd Amendment, which are intended to promote a sense of responsibility among the citizens. Amendment Process: The Constitution of India can be amended, but the process is rigorous and requires a special majority in Parliament. Some provisions can be amended by a simple majority, while others need a more substantial majority and the approval of at least half of the state legislatures. Judicial Review: The Indian Constitution provides for an independent judiciary to safeguard the rights of citizens. The Supreme Court of India has the power of judicial review to examine the constitutionality of laws and government actions. The Constitution of India has been a stable and enduring document that has played a pivotal role in shaping the governance and legal framework of the country. It lays down the fundamental principles and rules by which India is governed and remains the cornerstone of Indian democracy.