The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system of government, wherein powers and responsibilities, including those related to revenue collection, are divided between the central (Union) government and state governments. This division is primarily outlined in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, which contains three lists: the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List. Here’s how powers related to revenue collection are allocated: 1. Union List (List I) The Union List enumerates subjects on which only the central government can legislate and collect revenue. Key revenue-related items under this list include: Taxes on Income: Except for agricultural income, which is under the state list. Customs Duties: Duties on import and export of goods. Excise Duties: Duties on the manufacture of goods, except alcoholic liquors for human consumption, opium, and narcotics. Corporation Tax: Taxes on the income of companies. Taxes on Capital Value of Assets: Except for agricultural land. Estate Duty: In respect of property other than agricultural land. Duties of Excise: On goods manufactured or produced in India. Central Sales Tax: Taxes on inter-state sales of goods. Taxes on Foreign Travel: And duties of customs including export duties. Service Tax: (Post-GST, most services are now under the purview of GST). 2. State List (List II) The State List enumerates subjects on which only state governments can legislate and collect revenue. Key revenue-related items under this list include: Land Revenue: Assessment and collection of land revenue. Taxes on Agricultural Income. Taxes on Land and Buildings: Property tax, etc. Excise Duty on Alcoholic Liquor: For human consumption, opium, and narcotics. Taxes on the Entry of Goods: Into a local area for consumption, use, or sale (Entry Tax). Taxes on Consumption or Sale of Electricity. Taxes on Vehicles: Suitable for use on roads. Taxes on Goods and Passengers: Carried by road or on inland waterways. Taxes on Professions, Trades, Callings, and Employments. Capitation Taxes. Taxes on Luxuries, Including Entertainments, Amusements, Betting, and Gambling. 3. Concurrent List (List III) The Concurrent List includes subjects on which both the central and state governments can legislate. However, in case of a conflict, the central law prevails. Revenue-related matters in this list include: Stamp Duties: Other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty. 4. Goods and Services Tax (GST) Introduction of GST: The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016 introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), which subsumed many of the indirect taxes previously levied by both the central and state governments. Division of GST: GST is divided into: Central GST (CGST): Collected by the central government on intra-state supplies. State GST (SGST): Collected by state governments on intra-state supplies. Integrated GST (IGST): Collected by the central government on inter-state supplies and imports. 5. Finance Commission Role of the Finance Commission: The Finance Commission, established under Article 280 of the Constitution, recommends the distribution of the net proceeds of taxes between the center and the states and among the states themselves. This includes recommendations on the principles governing grants-in-aid to states out of the Consolidated Fund of India. 6. Constitutional Provisions Article 246: Defines the legislative powers of the central and state governments over different subjects in the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. Article 265: States that no tax shall be levied or collected except by the authority of law. Articles 268 to 281: Detail the distribution of revenue between the central and state governments. Conclusion The Indian Constitution provides a clear division of powers related to revenue collection between the central and state governments through the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. Additionally, the introduction of GST has streamlined many indirect taxes, creating a more integrated tax structure. The Finance Commission plays a crucial role in ensuring a balanced distribution of resources, contributing to the financial stability and development of both central and state governments.