An accused person has several fundamental rights during a criminal investigation in India, which are designed to ensure a fair and just legal process. These rights are protected under various provisions of the Indian Constitution and criminal laws. Here’s an overview of the key rights of an accused during a criminal investigation: 1. Right to be Informed of the Grounds of Arrest: Legal Requirement: Under Section 50 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), an accused must be informed of the grounds for their arrest at the time of arrest. Explanation: The accused should be clearly informed of the specific charges or allegations against them. 2. Right to be Present During the Investigation: Legal Representation: The accused has the right to be represented by a lawyer during interrogation. They can consult their lawyer before and during the investigation, although the right to be physically present during the investigation is limited. 3. Right to Remain Silent: Self-Incrimination: Under Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution, no person can be compelled to be a witness against themselves. The accused has the right to remain silent and not answer questions that may incriminate them. 4. Right to Legal Counsel: Access to a Lawyer: Under Section 41D of the CrPC, the accused has the right to consult a lawyer of their choice while in custody. If the accused cannot afford a lawyer, they are entitled to legal aid. 5. Right to be Produced Before a Magistrate: Time Limit: Under Section 57 of the CrPC, the accused must be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of their arrest, excluding travel time. Judicial Review: The magistrate will review the legality of the arrest and detention and decide whether the accused should be granted bail. 6. Right to Bail: Bail Application: The accused has the right to apply for bail. The conditions for bail and whether it will be granted depend on factors such as the nature of the offense, evidence, and the risk of fleeing or tampering with evidence. Types of Bail: Bail can be granted on various grounds, including personal bond, surety bond, or cash bail. 7. Right to a Fair Investigation: Fair Treatment: The investigation must be conducted fairly and impartially. The accused should not be subjected to any form of torture, coercion, or ill-treatment. Confessions: Any confession made under duress or coercion is inadmissible in court. 8. Right to be Informed of Rights: Miranda Rights: Similar to the Miranda rights in other jurisdictions, the accused should be informed of their rights during the investigation, including the right to remain silent and the right to legal representation. 9. Right to Challenge Evidence: Cross-Examination: The accused has the right to challenge the evidence presented against them and cross-examine witnesses during the trial. 10. Right to a Speedy Trial: Timely Justice: Under Article 21 of the Constitution, the accused has the right to a speedy trial. Delays in the investigation and trial process should be minimized to ensure timely justice. 11. Right to Privacy: Search and Seizure: Any search and seizure operations conducted by the police must follow legal procedures. Unauthorized or unlawful searches and seizures infringe on the accused’s right to privacy. 12. Right to Challenge Detention: Habeas Corpus: The accused can file a habeas corpus petition if they believe they are being unlawfully detained or their detention is beyond the permissible period. 13. Right to Equality Before Law: Non-Discrimination: The accused has the right to be treated equally before the law and not to be discriminated against based on religion, caste, sex, or other factors. 14. Right to Know the Evidence: Disclosure: The accused has the right to be informed of the evidence collected against them to prepare an adequate defense. These rights are essential for ensuring that the accused receives a fair trial and that justice is administered properly. Any violation of these rights can be challenged in court and may lead to legal remedies for the accused.