In India, tax evasion and fraud are addressed through a combination of laws, regulations, and enforcement mechanisms designed to prevent, detect, and penalize tax-related misconduct. The primary legal framework for handling tax evasion and fraud includes provisions under the Income Tax Act, 1961, Goods and Services Tax (GST) laws, and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002. Here’s an overview of how the law addresses these issues: 1. Income Tax Act, 1961: 1.1. Provisions on Tax Evasion: Section 270A - Penalty for Underreporting and Misreporting: This section imposes penalties for underreporting and misreporting of income. It applies when there is a substantial understatement of income or incorrect claims for deductions. Section 271 - Penalty for Concealment of Income: This section provides for penalties for concealing income or providing inaccurate information in the tax return. The penalty can be up to 300% of the tax evaded. Section 276C - Wilful Attempt to Evade Tax: This section deals with criminal offenses related to tax evasion. It applies to cases where an individual willfully attempts to evade tax, with penalties including imprisonment and fines. Section 278 - Offenses and Prosecutions: This section outlines various offenses related to tax evasion, including falsification of records and submission of false documents. Penalties can include imprisonment, fines, or both. 1.2. Anti-Avoidance Measures: General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR): Introduced under Section 95 to 102 of the Income Tax Act, GAAR targets tax avoidance strategies that exploit loopholes in the tax laws to gain undue tax benefits. Authorities can deny tax benefits if they determine that a transaction is primarily aimed at avoiding tax. 2. Goods and Services Tax (GST) Laws: 2.1. GST Act Provisions: Section 122 - Penalty for Certain Offenses: This section prescribes penalties for offenses under GST laws, such as falsification of records, failure to furnish returns, and issuing fake invoices. Section 132 - Offenses and Penalties: It deals with more severe offenses like falsification of records and evasion of tax exceeding a specified threshold. Penalties can include imprisonment and fines. Section 73 and 74 - Demand and Recovery: These sections outline the procedures for the recovery of taxes that are not paid due to fraud or willful misstatement. They provide for the assessment, demand, and recovery of unpaid taxes. 2.2. Preventive Measures: Anti-Evasion Measures: GST laws include mechanisms for preventing tax evasion, such as stringent reporting requirements and tracking of transactions through digital records. 3. Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA): 3.1. Money Laundering Provisions: Definition of Money Laundering: The PMLA defines money laundering as the process of converting illegally obtained money into legitimate assets. Tax evasion often intersects with money laundering when funds are disguised to avoid detection. Attachment of Property: The Act provides for the attachment and confiscation of property involved in money laundering activities. This helps in curbing the proceeds of tax evasion and related financial crimes. Reporting Requirements: Financial institutions and businesses are required to report suspicious transactions that may indicate money laundering or tax evasion. 4. Enforcement and Investigation: 4.1. Income Tax Department: Investigation Wing: The Income Tax Department has a dedicated wing for investigating tax evasion, including conducting raids, surveys, and scrutinizing financial records. Prosecution: The department can initiate criminal prosecution for serious offenses related to tax evasion, leading to legal proceedings in court. 4.2. GST Authorities: Anti-Evasion Wing: GST authorities have an anti-evasion wing responsible for investigating cases of GST fraud and evasion. This includes conducting audits and inspections. Enforcement Actions: Authorities can take enforcement actions such as suspending registrations and initiating criminal proceedings for GST violations. 5. Judicial and Administrative Measures: 5.1. Courts and Tribunals: Judicial Review: Tax evasion cases can be reviewed by various courts and tribunals, including the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal and GST Appellate Tribunal, which handle appeals and disputes related to tax evasion. 5.2. Administrative Orders: Preventive Orders: Authorities can issue administrative orders to prevent further tax evasion, including freezing of bank accounts and suspension of business operations. Summary Tax evasion and fraud in India are addressed through a comprehensive legal framework involving: Income Tax Act, 1961: Provisions for penalties and prosecution related to concealment and evasion of income tax. GST Laws: Penalties and anti-evasion measures under GST regulations. Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002: Measures to tackle money laundering linked with tax evasion. Enforcement: Investigative and prosecutorial actions by tax and GST authorities. Judicial and Administrative Measures: Courts, tribunals, and administrative actions to enforce tax laws and prevent evasion. These measures work together to ensure compliance, deter tax fraud, and maintain the integrity of the tax system.